Literature Review: Computer-assisted journalism

Literature Review

Computer-assisted journalism, or CAJ, refers to the use of computers in new gathering.  CAJ is an umbrella term since a majority of journalist’s jobs will be filled under this term.  The central theme is the use of computers to gather and analyze the information in order to complete the news story.  From reporting, research, reference, reconnaissance and rendezvous are necessary for newsgathering it is necessary to understand this functions to accomplish some of the tasks. 

            The umbrella term breaks down into five subcategories: Reporting, Research, Reference, Reconnaissance, and Rendezvous.  Reporting under CAJ is associated with traditional reporting techniques, such as gathering information through interviews.  “The skill sets of computer-assisted reporting refer to translating these journalistic functions to working with records and data” for analysis and uncovering hidden stories (Paul & Hansen, 2007, p. 2). Research within CAJ refers to use of a secondary source in combination with reporting to create a complete news report.  Reference is the “quick facts, spellings, definitions, and statics that add color or detail to your reporting” (Paul & Hansen, 2007, p. 4).  In other words, it double-checking the facts within the news report prior to publication.

Reconnaissance is remaining up-to-date with any information available in reference to the news report.  According to Paul and Hansen (2007), “Savvy reporters realize that the alert services, personalized news, and RSS feeds available on the Internet are excellent resources for keeping up on what is happening” (p. 4).  Rendezvous is associated with the virtual communities found online.  In sense it is another way to network information in regards to news reports, seek advice, listen in, and discuss topics with others within the field. 

While computer-assisted journalism appears to provide a variety of ways to improve on news reporting and organizing the information, there are some limitations with computer-assisted journalism.  For example, under Research, it is limited to the newest information.  There may be press releases discrediting the information previous gathered.  If reporters are not up to date in the latest information they will lose their jump on a story.  While some are easier to learn, it is not something that may be useable for each news story.  It seems the usage will vary depending on the story being covered.  While it is help to gather the databases for future references, the topics can be change based on the latest information. 

Reference

Paul, N., & Hansen, K. (2007). Computer-Assisted research: Information strategies and tools for journalists. Columbia, MO: Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc.

Investigative Reporting Skills

Investigative reporting skills require in-depth and thoroughly researched material in order to create valid and creditable stories for the general public.  Investigative reporters begin with a hypothesis with an open mind, since stories can lead to different results after putting in hours of research.  According to Houston (2009), “The best investigative journalists collect both supports and contradictory evidence for a story.  They then weigh carefully what the evidence shows” (p. 4).  While the leg work may be considered tedious to some, the end result is an informative story that will appeal to the general public.  Taking the time to research and discover the truth behind a story allows for future opportunities not necessarily discovered when the original topic was approached.  It is important to have the physical evidence to prior to interviews and aid in developing questions associated with the story.  The background information is just as important as ongoing coverage.  It is even possible to uncover other stories while researching, something that may have been missed.  “The search for investigative ideas is ‘unending…Ideas can come ‘from anywhere’-legal advertisement, estate sales, bankruptcy notices, transfers of business executives, company and professional newsletters” (Houston, 2009, p. 10).  The key to investigative reporting is curiosity with an open mind, where the rabbit hole may take journalists and led to stories never discovered before. 

            Based on this understanding, it is clear to be how investigative reporting skill can help with writing a story.  Being able to provide the correct information on a story allows for accurate reporting and most importantly ensuring the public is fully aware of the facts that lead to the truth.  If reporters are not able to validate a source of information it could led to misunderstanding and misrepresentations.  The reputation of a reporter is one of the key points to gaining the trust of the public for providing creditable information.  If reporters take the time to research the past and present topic it can also led them to develop a future coverage.  Investigative reporting skills are necessary to ensure journalists are providing the best information possible. 

Reference

Houston, B. (2009). The investigative reporter’s handbook: A guide to documents, databases and techniques (5th). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin

Libel

            Matt McCarthy published a book regarding his experience with the Angels’ minor league; he stands by the content claiming his proof is in his notebooks.  Yet, many of his teammates do not agree with his perspective of the team, rather they have spoken out against the errors and fabricated information.  “I’ve gone through it multiple times,” Kotchman says. “In so many places it’s just flat-out wrong or fabricated.”  (Davis, 2009).  Kotchman and many teammates may have a libel case is they are able to prove the information published is false.  Since McCarthy published his version of the truth into a book, Kotchman and fellow teammates have one proof of proving libel.  “Odd Man Out” was published in 2009 and ranked #29 on the New York Times best seller non-fiction list, proof that one or more people read the publication. “McCarthy wasn't even smart enough to limit himself to lies that won't get him sued. Several of the disputed anecdotes are downright actionable.”  (Bercovici, 2009).  The material found in the book, range from racial implications to the team manager urging steroids on players and ordering a pitcher to hit a batter. 

            Since many of the individuals mentioned in the book claim much of the information is false, McCarthy is a waiting libel suit.  According to Pember and Calvert (2013), “in a libel case the plaintiff bears the initial burden of proof.”  Even with Kotchman and a few other claiming the information in the book is false, they must be able to prove McCarthy’s account is incorrect.  Just claiming it is does not provide enough proof the information is false, the possibility that the information may contain some truth is reasonable enough.  “Some of this is true, and some of it is made up,” said Alex Dvorsky, McCarthy’s catcher that summer.” (Hill & Schwarz, 2009).  How much of the information is true and false seems to depend on those who were named as committing immoral actions or abuse.   However, not everyone remembers the actions and events as McCarthy wrote, Adrian Goas claims “I thought to myself that I must have been on a different team than he was.” (Hill & Schwarz, 2009).  Another player states the publication will have a negative impact on his career.  Pitcher Blake Allen states that a portion of the book where he admitted to faking his injury so he could “just sit back and cash the checks,” which appeared in the Sports Illustrated excerpt, could seriously affect his life.  (Hill & Schwarz, 2009).

            It seems overall, there is a case for libel is the plaintiff in the case are able to prove McCarthy’s account is false.  All they must do is provide the facts during the time McCarthy was with the team.  Many reporters have looked into the allegations presented by McCarthy; so far they have been able to provide any truth behind the claims.  .  “In Texas, the elements of a defamation claim are publication of a statement; that was defamatory concerning the plaintiff; with the requisite degree of fault.”  (Texas Defamation Law, 2008).  Texas state laws are similar to the laws on a national level, the possibility is still open for McCarthy to be found guilty of libel if the plaintiffs of the case provide enough evidence that the information presented in the book are false.

As journalists we are responsible for providing the facts as we discover them.  In this case, the story would center on discovering whether or not the accounts written by McCarthy hold any truths in them.  However, journalists would also be open to a lawsuit if they print false information without double or triple checking their sources.  Since libel is by definition false, if a journalist reports something as the truth then is not libelous, even if the article damages the person’s reputation.  The truth is a reporter’s best defense against a libel suit.

References

Bercovici, J. (2009, March 3). Another Phony Memoir -- This One with Lawsuits? Retrieved August 20, 2014, from http://upstart.bizjournals.com/companies/media/2009/03/03/another-phony-memoir-this-one-with-lawsuits.html?tid=true

Davis, D. (2009, March 13). 'Odd Man Out' author Matt McCarthy's accuracy is questioned. Retrieved August 20, 2014, from http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/13/entertainment/et-matt-mccarthy13

Hill, B., & Schwarz, A. (2009, March 2). Errors cast doubt on a baseball memoir. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/sports/baseball/03book.html?_r=3&

Pember, D. R. & Calvert, C. (2013). Mass media law (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Texas Defamation Law. (2008, August 19). Retrieved August 20, 2014, from http://www.dmlp.org/legal-guide/texas-defamation-law

Socially Accepted Speech

            The First Amendment is often tossed around to aid in allowing individuals the freedom to express their views on several subjects. Free speech was created for the purposes of permitting anyone to express their concerns about their government. (Pember & Calvert, 2013, p. 35)  We enjoy the ability to express ourselves; but we often cross the invisible line of what free speech is.  We take our freedom to the extremes, even if it comes off as rude or hateful comments.  The social value of the meaning “free speech” needs to evolve with our technology.  Cyberbullying and spreading rumors about individuals can raise issues for both parties involved. For example, when addressing students creating groups to discuss the dislike or like of a professor on social media website, did it fall under the First Amendment?

I believe it did.  “It was an opinion of a student about a teacher, that was published off-campus, did not cause any disruption on-campus, and was not lewd, vulgar, threatening, or advocating illegal or dangerous behavior.”.  (Kravets, 2010) The student was within their right to express their feelings regarding the teacher.  Students may not agree with the teacher or if they are not presenting themselves in a professional manner.  What was the teacher doing to cause the student to create a group?  The First Amendment allows this type of criticism, yet there is a fine line some individuals will cross and grab hold of as freedom of speech

            When looking over the two other cases listed and locations of Myspace accounts, I do wonder why one is acceptable and the other was not.  If we take the consideration that both situations open the students up for defamation suits, then is it possible both students are wrong? To openly create false profiles could cause parents to wonder about the principal and any punishments handed out.  Rumors spreading across the campuses are possible whether it is a beer or the sexual lifestyle outside of school grounds. 

            Journalists rely on the freedom of the press and speech when producing stories, allowing us to provide credible information to the public.  If one source creates a rumor and as journalists we spend our time trying to back up the information, where that could lead their stories?  Freedom of speech does not mean giving an individual the right to provide false information about individuals or even create false backgrounds; it allows us the right to voice our concerns. 

References

Kravets, D. (2010, February 14). Student’s Facebook Tirade Against Teacher Is Protected Speech | Threat Level | WIRED. Retrieved August 14, 2014, from http://www.wired.com/2010/02/student-facebook-tirade-against-teacher-is-protected-speech/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:%20wired/index

Pember, D. R. & Calvert, C. (2013). Mass media law (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Freedom of Speech

            In the state of Massachusetts there is a law banning protestors within 35 feet of the entrance of abortion clinics.  The law was introduced after the fatal shootings of two staff members at abortion clinics in Brookline in 1994.  However, Eleanor McCullen claims the yellow line found outside some clinics to be “intimidating, frustrating and a violation of her First Amendment rights.”  (Liptak, 2014).  She continues to describe how the line prevents her from reaching women who she could help.  The state’s attorney general, Martha Coakley, claims the 35-foot buffer zone is necessary in response to an ugly history of harassment and violence at abortion clinics in Massachusetts. McCullen claims she only has just moments to try to make contact before she has to pull back.  According to Pember and Calvert (2013), “the word speech in the First Amendment sometimes (but not always) encompasses and includes conduct, not simply what we might think of as pure speech, such as written, printed or spoken word or image.”  (p. 43).

            Based on the issue at hand, the law does violate their First Amendment rights; nowhere does it state the freedom of speech is only within a certain area or distance.  Eleanor McCullen does have a valid point about her freedom of speech and protest. Under the time, place and manner restrictions, the law must not constitute a complete ban on a kind of communication.  By banning protestors from reaching women entering the clinics, they are unable to communicate to them and offer aid.  “The government does not have the ability to decide that its public sidewalks are open for speakers on one side but not speakers on the other side,” claims Mark L Rienzi.  (Liptak, 2014).  So long as they are not preventing women from entering the clinics, but only offering aid in another form in a peaceful manner, the banning should not be held.  It is understandable to want to protect the clinics from harm, but a balance is needed in order to protect protestors First Amendment rights and the safety of patients and doctors.  “The protections of the First Amendment do not evaporate the closer one comes to an abortion clinc.  Access must be protected; so must speech.”  (Liptak, 2014)

References

Liptak, A. (2014, January 12). Where Free Speech Collides With Abortion Rights. Retrieved August 12, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/13/us/where-free-speech-collides-with-abortion-rights.html?_r=0

Pember, D. R. & Calvert, C. (2013). Mass media law (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Regulations

            After reviewing the information on the FCC website, I began to wonder what was not being said.  According the FCC (2010), they “regulate interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories.”  The FCC is directed by five commissioners who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.  The president also selects one to serve as chairman.  The current chairman, Tom Wheeler, has a background in all types of communications and telecommunications over the years.  Each additional member has experience in some type of media over the years.  However, their bios do not give much away other than their accomplishments, their length of terms and positions on different areas of communication.

            Ajit Pai, a Republican, focuses on creating a regulatory environment in which competition and innovation will flourish, thus benefitting consumers.  Even though he stands for private companies, he does take a stand against the government controlling the information released to the public.  “The government has no place pressuring media organization into covering certain stories.”  (Pai, 2014).  Many Americans are not aware of what they want to watch, or how the stories truly impact them.  “News organization often disagree about what Americans need to know,” states Pai.  As a Republican, Pai, still stands for private firms developing new methods for consumers, yet refuses to accept a government controlled media. 

            The policies and rulings are determined by majority rule.  The FCC is 3 Democrats vs. 2 Republicans, although each will have their own reasoning behind their voting.  At the moment it seems the policies and ruling still seems a little guided.  Tom Wheeler, who was appointed by President Obama, seems to be losing favor when it comes to net neutrality. “The president said an open Internet will allow for "the next Google or the next Facebook" to enter the arena, and succeed. FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler has said that he, too, opposes paid prioritization -- but critics argue that his proposal will create just that.”  (Alman, 2014).

            In truth, each member has their own positions on what they wish to accomplished and are influenced by their background, political positions and finical invests.  It is hard to state clearly where the end result will be without carefully monitoring their rulings and policy making.  We will not realize who benefits from those policies until it is too late.

References

Alman, A. (2014, August 6). Bold Obama Stand Shakes Up Net Neutrality Debate. Retrieved August 7, 2014, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/06/obama-net-neutrality_n_5655862.html

Federal Communications Commission. (2010, November 15). Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Retrieved from http://www.fcc.gov/

Pai, A. (2014, February 10). The FCC Wades Into the Newsroom Why is the agency studying 'perceived station bias' and asking about coverage choices? Retrieved August 6, 2014, from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304680904579366903828260732

Versus

Five Sources of Law

August 6, 2014

Within the United States there are several known sources of law: the U.S. Constitution and states constitution; the common law; the law of equity; the statutory law; and the rules of various executives.  According to Pember and Calvert (2013), “law to be a set of rules that attempts to guide human conduct a set of formal, governmental sanctions that are applied when those rules are violated.”  (p. 2).  Even though there are several sources of law, not all of them will provide protection or aid to those in journalism, communication or mass media. 

In common law, or judge-made laws, is arrived to a conclusion based on previous courts precedent.  This would be an issue for those in journalism, communication or mass media because the conclusion reached by the judges will generally base on previous cases.   If similar cases did not reach a decision a journalist is seeking, then it would aid them in any way. For example, publishers and distributors of offensive communications have been treated different from other publishers.  (Trager & Russomanno, 2010, p. 20-21).

            Another law that would not benefit journalism is Equity law because the laws created by judges are based on case by case.  Generally, the laws created by judges apply principles of ethics and fairness, rather than specific legal rules to determine the proper remedy for legal harm. Even though, it can also benefit those in journalism, mass media or communication, it will depend on the case how the judge applies ethical reasoning.  For example, “judges will award a restraining order against reporters who are trying to intimidate child celebrities.”  (Trager & Russomanno, 2010, p. 20-21).

            The constitutional law is one set of laws that establish the nature, function and limits of government.  It is the U.S. Constitution that provides the most aid to journalism, communication, and mass media.  It provides us with our freedom speech and basic human rights.  In comparison to state constitutions which are approved and changed upon with a direct vote of the people, the federal constitution is more difficult to change.  State and federal constitutions provide the protection for freedom of speech and freedom of press.  State constitutions may provide more rights to their citizens and to the press, since it is able to provide more protection if necessary.  This is a main benefit of constitutional laws is it aids in providing media of any kind the freedom to speak and provide the public with information.

            In each source provide there are some benefits, but there are some issues as well.  Depending on the cases given to the ruling judge, such as in common and equity law, it can either hinder a journalist or provide aid.  The constitutional law provides the most benefits for those within the media realm.

References

Pember, D. R. & Calvert, C. (2013). Mass media law (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 2

Trager, R., & Russomanno, J. (2010). Sources of Law. In The law of journalism and mass communication (Revised/Expanded ed., pp. 20-21). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

Avoiding News Bias

            One of the main concerns is the relationship with Riley Frederickson, who advises the Auto Club.  As a journalist, trying to avoid this story would look unprofessional; however the challenge would be to present a line of questions and an article that would not appear to be bias.  “Journalists should avoid conflict of interest, remain free of associations and activities that may compromise their integrity or damage their credibility.”  (Jacquette, 2007, p. 283).  The public has the right to know where the funds are actually going, if the school is not using the funds in accordance with the terms then it should be reported on.  “The public’s right to know about matters of importance is paramount. (Jacquette, 2007, p. 287).  By providing the truth may cause an issue on a personal matter, so long as I request an interview with Riley on a professional level, there would be no need to avoid him. 

            As a journalist we should be aware of the ways in which critical distance and objectivity in reporting the news can be jeopardized, if we inform the editor of a possible issue.  They would be able to review the article for any bias before publishing.  For myself, if I approach the story from a neutral position on where the funds are actually being spent, and why the school would not adopt an auto repair course if there is an interest.  According to Jacquette (2007), “if I cannot be expected to report objectively, then my truth telling capabilities in the matter unavoidably come into question.”  (p. 212).  Overall, I would proceed in a professional manner and provide the truth to the public. 

Reference

Jacquette, D. (2007). Journalistic ethics: Moral responsibility in the media. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.

News Story Observations

CNN reporter, Randi Kaye, reported two new accounts regarding the Michael Brown shooting.  Two contractors who were working in Ferguson on the day Brown was killed recalled Brown putting his hands up, while the Officer continued to shoot.  The two male contractors asked not be identified described an unarmed teenager with his hands up in the air as he’s gunned down by a police office.  (Kaye, 2014).  With all the news coverage regarding the Brown case seems to be reported differently with each witness providing different details of the event.  The coverage provided by CNN appears to be informative for the public regarding this event.  The story continues to draw national attention since the facts regarding the shooting vary on each account, which leans towards the public becoming aware of the actions in the city of Ferguson.  The story seems to be reported properly by reminding the views and readers regarding the facts on the case.  The reason for this opinion is there does not appear to be any bias towards who is actually at fault or if the reporter of this story is providing false information to the public, just the witnesses’ accounts. 

            The public does have the right know this information since public opinion is torn over the actions and events surrounding Micheal Brown.  There may be citizens outside of Ferguson who have family members impacted by the events.  For example, cousins involved in the protest or locating witness of the event who visited the city at the time.  It also provides citizens with information on any updates in the investigation of the shooting.  From my understanding, there were a few ethical considerations in the story.  The first is the accuracy of the information provided by the two new witnesses.  They are not from Ferguson and have no connection to the Brown family.  This information was released in the newscast and once again in the article.  The second ethical consideration is how the information could impact the public opinion of the events.  Even though, Kaye provides an unbiased report of the accounts given by the witnesses, there was video evidence that backs up their account of the situation and provides a voice to the account as well. 

References

Kaye, R., Clifford. (2014, September 11). New Michael Brown shooting witnesses describe scene. Retrieved September 11, 2014, from http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/10/us/ferguson-michael-brown-shooting-witnesses/index.html?hpt=hp_t1

Writing Challenges

In all honesty, there are several areas I see as the biggest challenges with writing as a journalist.  One challenge will be correcting my grammar and overall structure with sentences, something I have struggled with throughout my entire time at Ashford.  “Journalists must be experts in the correct use of language.  Just as a mistake in accuracy will undermine the credibility of a story, a mistake in grammar, diction, or usage can make a reader suspect everything else in the article” (Kershner, 2012, p. 37).  One of the ways I plan on improving my grammar is by continuing to educate and remind myself to read each piece out loud.  Often we are able to correct simple grammar mistakes by hearing the natural pauses in our speech.  Plus, I also complete activities regarding grammar and voice structures that I discovered online to help me with simple to often misused words.

Word count would be another challenge for me, often I have a lot to say on a subject and find it difficult to limit the number of words to express my ideas. “Any writing that draws attention to itself, and thus draws attention away from the content, is ineffective. Writing should be as simple and straightforward as possible.” (Stovall, 2012, p. 36).  Lately, I have been going over my discussions and papers and thinking of ways to simplify it where anyone who reads the material will be able to understand the meaning without having further explanation.  I have become comfortable with detailing each point of an assignment, but I will lose focus on the point I was trying to make.

When it comes to people reading my work, I have always been nervous about their judgment on it.  I will go over my discussions several times before publishing into the class board.  I tend be harsh on myself, but feel others will be see more mistakes and voice their opinions in a harsher manner.  Since attending Ashford I am slowly overcoming this fear and worry.  Everyone makes mistakes and everyone has the same fear, so dealing with criticism has become a little easier to handle.  Another thought when it comes to people reading my work is will they read it and be able to understand why I wrote the piece.  Everyone has a different style of writing and they have a different taste when comes to reading.  In order to overcome this worry, I have to realize not everyone will read my work if the article or piece  does not relate to them in some manner.

Reference

Kershner, J. (2012). The elements of news writing (3rd Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Stovall, J. G. (2012). Writing for the mass media (8th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Good Journalism Principles

The good journalism principles are important core standard for journalists to ensure they are providing readers with credible and informative articles readers would want to know.  The article I chosen is about two Austin police officers who were caught on video making inappropriate remarks regarding sexually assaulted victims and what actions were taken to correct their behavior. 

After reviewing the article and comparing it to the 10 core principles of good journalism.  The article contains several different principles and some in which they could improve upon.  The first principle noticed is “what’s the story? What’s the point?”  According to Kershner (2012), “a reporter must be able to state the main point of the story in a simple declarative sentence. In most cases, this also will be the lead of the story.”  Joshua Fechter is able to provide readers with an easy introduction to the article.  Even the headline allowed readers to know what the article would be about.  Fechter allowed readers to discover the point of the story is the inappropriate behavior and how it was handled.  This also connects the obligation the reader, since it is important to know how authorizes will handle this situation.  The third principle, keeping on task is also seen.  Fechter remains on focus of his topic and only presents a few backstories of the two police officers.  According to Kershner (2012), “a good news story will include all the information the reader is likely to want to know.”  Fechter provided enough information to readers who would have concerns about the police officer behaviors and what actions were taken. 

Some areas of improvement are principle 7 in regards to never assume anything and principle 8: plan what you can and be prepared for change, and principle 5: how it will affect the readers.  The reason I believe these areas could use some improvement because there is no absolutes.  Even though the police were given what would be considered appropriate action, there appears to lack of how it will affect the readers.  If we are aware of the behavior does this impact how readers and others who would come to the officers for aid?  The video is a major source discovered on YouTube and presented as a case against the policers involved, yet is this the first time or has this been an ongoing behavioral issue?  There are still remaining questions surrounding the story, but Fechter did present has much information related to the story as possible.

References

Fechter, J. (2014, November 20). Austin cops suspended less than a week after joking about rape on dashcam video. Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http://www.chron.com/news/local/article/Texas-police-suspended-after-being-caught-on-5906766.php

Kershner, J. (2012). The elements of news writing (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Roles of the News Media

Over the past 20 years the delivery of news to the general public has gone from local and national to the global scale at the tips of our fingers.  From traditional mediums, such as print and broadcast news, to new mediums, such as websites, smart phones or social media.  The news has evolved to a medium that embraced interactive, easily accessible outlet reaching and welcoming readers across the globe. Yet with all the innovations seen through technological advancements there are still disadvantages and advantages compared to traditional methods. 

            With the new forms of media, such as websites, blogs, social media and smart phones, readers are able to access more information that is updated quickly to their sites and smart phones.  Readers are able to experience interactive and diverse blogs from journalists across the world.  “People with access to the Internet could gain instant access to virtually unlimited information” at the click of a button (Kershner, 2012, p. 12).  Another advantage is the cost of the receiving the information.  While some major print news organizations may request a subscription, readers are still able to locate inexpensive or free news sites.  With all the advantages at the click of a button, there are still some disadvantages compared to their counterparts.  Anyone is able to recreate a blog or site and post information they deem suitable as news worthy.  If sites are not credible, they can be prone to inaccuracies, bias and opinionated information rather than providing properly investigated sources and information.

            While technology is a continued force to providing news outlets with new readers and keeping them connected with their hometowns, traditional news still remains in this technological world.  Traditional news continues to offers readers with accurate and comprehensive information through properly researched materials that appeals to the general public.  Even broadcast news outlets can provide viewers with strong audio and visual appeals with current, national and local newscast that is understandable to their viewers.  According to Kershner (2012), “ no change in technology has replaced the need for an intelligent, sensitive, knowledgeable person to ask questions; to gather information; to synthesize, analyze, and organize it, and then to present the news in a clear way” (p. 12).  Even with traditional news there are some drawbacks.  Print news is limited to text and pictures and delivery information is limited to their schedules and space.  Breaking news may not appear until the following day depending on when the information was received.  Broadcast news can appear to be bias filled with commercials and can be highly persuasive depending on the information provided by the broadcast system, advertisements and sponsors. 

            From print to online, I gather my news through all mediums available, since each one will provide a different perception on the same story.  The ability to enjoy the vast information provided to the public and how it appeals to them is another reason why I gather my news through different outlets.  Lately, I have been getting a lot of news information through my smartphone and purchasing the local paper.

Reference

Kershner, J. (2012). The elements of news writing (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Lessons from Abroad

“We wholeheartedly believe in intercultural, interreligious, and interracial dialogue for better understanding our common humanity.”-Mohammed El-Nawawy

            Even before its first broadcast, Al Jazeera set itself apart compared to other global news organizations.  Al Jazeera would promise to offer stories, correspondents and speakers from their countries of origin from both sides of the fences. The difference that Al Jazeera has made in changing the international news agenda has been in creating a new platform for presenting the full picture of situations.  “It was meant to cater to an international audience by giving the news a “pan-Arab” perspective.”  (Arner, 2006).  Al Jazeera offered to give unheard news and viewpoints from the southern globe to Mideast equal time and equal weight on air.  Not only world Al Jazeera broadcast more news about the disenfranchised, it reported from their perspective, acting as an ambassador for the entire global south.   According to Tony Burman, “Al Jazeera networks are notable for their extensive coverage of developing countries, including parts of South America, Africa and Asia that are rarely seen on British and American news channels.”  (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 131). 

One area Al Jazeera established itself is the ability to bring a connection to new audience members by drawing upon the individualized cultures and contexts out of which they originate.  “They clearly portray themselves as serving the interests of their viewers, not advertiser or politicians.  Not only do they promise authentic regional coverage that is actually rooted in the location, they overtly identify with popular interest without any self-consciousness.”  Al Jazeera presented themselves with the ability to provide free speech without censorship.  Providing the globe with a better understanding on the events from both sides of the fences, unconcerned with how the government will take their viewpoints.  Al Jazeera provides the government with the ability to address those issues as well, equal time and equal weight.  Overall, it was able to provide information for the people by what the people wanted to know and promoted their own voice on the changes they wanted to see.

Not only has the international news organizations began to take notice of their version of free speech, but many nations believe there are some benefits in providing and equal time and equal weight viewpoint.  According to Owen & Purdey (2009), Philip Fiske de Gouveia has urged the British government as well as African and European Union members to explore ways to create an independent, pan-African broadcaster.  (p. 132)  To establish A24 would create a better representation of Africa not only to itself, but will provide details of ongoing events.  “By presenting the Africa as a place of good and bad, honesty and corruption, economic vibrancy and poverty, eager entrepreneurs as well as those who still rely on foreign aid.”  (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 133).  The benefits of have a system similar to Al Jazeera would encourage more global interaction, but provide a voice to the voiceless.

After reading a bit of research material regarding the broadcast network that Al Jazeera has created there are some who believe the system is flawed and too controversial for all locations.  Yet, to be able to establish a network that provides both sides of arguments from different cultures and beliefs is a lesson something American correspondents should consider.  There are always two sides of a story and people are opinionated on their own moral beliefs and standards.  Al Jazeera is a perfect example of providing free speech and providing that voice to those who need it.  They are able to present the public with the full picture of the topic versus having only one side the story given.

Reference

Arner, P. (2006, November 18). Al-Jazeera International aims to change news agenda. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http://www.neurope.eu/article/al-jazeera-international-aims-change-news-agenda

Nawawy, M., & Iskander, A. (2002). Al-Jazeera: How the free Arab news network scooped the world and changed the Middle East. Cambridge, MA: Westview.

Owen, J. & Purdey, H. (Eds.). (2009). International news reporting: Frontlines and deadlines. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Dangers and Benefits of 24/7 TV News Coverage

/7 news coverage is often applauded for the nonstop reporting of ongoing events across the globe.  According to Nick Pollard, “continuous rolling news is not only here to stay but would play a major part in the future of broadcast journalism.” (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 119)  24/7 is able to provide real time information keeping the public informed on situations across the globe.  Since the creation of the first 24/7 news channel, viewers have enjoyed the benefits of receiving the uninterrupted coverage, but with every benefit there are bound to be numerous flaws with this type of coverage. 

            The biggest disadvantage to having continuous reporting is the constant recycled material with only minor additions or subtractions.  This could cause viewers to become dependent on the information and addicted to knowing any all changes no matter if there is truth behind the update.  Another disadvantage is the screen clutter rumoring across the screen.  This is able to keep viewers interested there can also be screen clutter rolling across the bottom of a newscast.  According to Howard Rosenberg and Charles Feldman (2008), “24-hour news channels continue to impose multitasking on their viewers in the form of screen clutter” (p. 20).  This comes after research has suggested that the human brain cannot do two things at once.  News anchors also suffer from the screen clutter seen on some 24 hours channels reduced to the upper portion of the screen.  For example, a third of the screen can be seen sometimes on the CNN channel. “News anchors will have to compete for viewer’s attention with layers of computer graphics and superficial, tabloid, factoid headlines (not the tip of the iceberg but the tip of the tip) that run continuously near the bottom of the screen.”  (Rosenberg & Feldman, 2008, p. 21) 

In truth, this can kind of 24/7 would be a disadvantage since the delivery of information may not be fast enough for the rushed viewers.  The list of disadvantages can appear endless depending on the depth of research performed.  One the most repeated disadvantage is not having enough news to cover on any given day, aside from catastrophic events, to fill 24 hours in order to correct this issue news stations promoted drama influenced news.  According to Rosenberg and Feldman (2008), “the nasty little truth about 24-hour news-whether cable TV or the Internet-is that most of it is not news.  Looks like news.  Sounds like news.  Smells like news.  But nope, it isn’t news.” (p. 52).  The push to get stories on the air as fast as they were unfolding also increased the likelihood that reporters would introduce more errors.

The main advantage for continuous coverage allows the viewers to receive information on stories any given time, but also allows the viewers to the opportunity to catch up on stories they are interested in..  David Sarno wrote, “Stories have never arrived to the world fully formed or vetted.  Journalists have generally had hours-not minutes or seconds-to craft a story from the blast wave of facts and factoids that come in the wake of a bombshell.  What people are seeing now is an old-fashioned process-reporting-as it unfolds in real time.”  (Rosenberg & Feldman, 2008, p. 5) .  The public wants information and explanations from guests who appear on the news stations, along with well-informed opinions. This can appeal to viewers who are informed of this type of promotion to keep them on the channel as they wait for new updates.  This also can be an advantage to reporters who rush to gather new information on current events.  Another advantage in having 24/7 news is it allows the public to voice their opinions on going news coverage.  Often the seen as screen clutter, viewer’s questions and opinion can appear and provide their views of ongoing events.  Another advantage is the technology to keep up with ongoing events.  “24/7 channels are fueled by advances in recording technologies and satellite communications was powerful in its ability to deliver news in real time, as human dramas unfolded any place in the world.”  (Colless, n.d)

In truth, unless there are concerns of high risk or natural disasters, 24 hour news stations will often repeat the same story every hour or 15 minutes depending on the medium.  This does not also give journalists enough time to double check their facts and can result in corrections later down the road.  For a journalist, haste can make waste and truth can be lost without ensuring the full story is given.

Reference

Colless, M. (n.d.). ABC'S 24-hour news channel too much of a stretch. Retrieved January 27, 2015, from http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/abcs-24-hour-news-channel-too-much-of-a-stretch/story-e6frg6zo-1225820145075?nk=b982208109267b166380b8548cb62a55

Owen, J. & Purdey, H. (Eds.). (2009). International news reporting: Frontlines and deadlines. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Rosenberg, H., & Feldman, C. (2008). No time to think: The menace of media speed and the 24-hour news cycle (pp. 4-5,12-13,20-23,52-53,118). New York: Continuum.

Where Do We Draw the “Red” Line?

To print or not to print, seems a question best answered by one’s own judgment.  Gary Knight listed a few examples in which he would not print photos based on the gravity of the situation.   Such as, photos of a deceased solider or civilian whose family was not mad aware or had given permission to release the photo.  (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 82)  When I consider what I would print or not print, I believe there is a “red” line on the photos I would print.  Photos that appear to gruesome for the public or photos of a deceased may be withheld.

Still, there are some photos such as “The Falling Man” or the young Vietnamese girl, whose impacts can change how the world views the actions of others.  Even “The Kiss” allowed generations to feel the relief of World War II coming to an end.  Although there are some photos that can be extremely horrific to publish, the images still remains and the details remain in the journalists mind to be released.  The idea that a photo is worth a thousand words can allow for the public to understand the truth behind a situation.  To be able to provide a photo for the people’s benefit versus my own appeals to the reason I choose this profession.  Providing stories or photos to the public based on the truth. 

            Whether there is no red line or no self-censorship, will be based on one’s own judgment and if they are employed through a news organization.  Over the years there has been phots in which they were not allowed to be printed because of editorial choices or censorship through the government.  For example, during the Gulf War Kenneth Jarecke photographed an Iraqi man burned alive; the photo was never published by US media.  Jarecke thought the photo would change the way many Americans saw the war.  The image and subject may have represented the Gulf War, but “not every gruesome photo reveals the truth about conflict and combat.” (DeGhett, 2014)

Reference

DeGhett, T. (2014, August 8). The War Photo No One Would Publish. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/08/the-war-photo-no-one-would-publish/375762/

Owen, J. & Purdey, H. (Eds.). (2009). International news reporting: Frontlines and deadlines. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Freelance Journalism

Freelance journalism requires an individual who is willing to put a story together without the backing of a news organization, resources or protection.  “We take journalists for granted, particularly freelancers,” said John Foley, father of James E. Foley.  (Bender, 2014)  Journalists who work outside the box gain exclusive interviews and coverage that traditional journalists often cannot afford or miss due to strict deadlines.  Whether freelancing should be encouraged is up to the person who is given the opportunity.  “Freelance journalism takes considerable courage.”  (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 60.)  Although many believe encouraging reckless behavior to get a story is not worth the risk of a journalists, but often those who risk the most are the citizens who need a voice to speak out.  In truth, it should be encouraged if the individual chooses it.  According to Vaughan Smith, “Journalists can choose to work on the outside and freelance journalism, unfiltered and unfettered, when conducted skillfully and with integrity, though its reach may be shorter, is journalism’s highest form.”  (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 61) 

            Still, is the story really worth the price of a freelancer’s life? Many people believe no story is worth the life of another because there is little to no protection for those would risk it their lives.  So where do these freelancers turn to for protection?  Responsibility falls on middle ground between the freelancer and news organizations.  According to Tala Basheer Ellsa of UrbanTimes (2013), “whether an organization offers the freelancers insurance or not really depends on the ethical code of that organization, and the individual agreement between the reporter and the institution.”  In truth, the cost to use a freelancer is cheaper on the organization than to send their own stuffing into dangerous situation.  As the number of freelancers loses their lives for the story, organizations are beginning to finally step up and begin to offer some type of insurance.  However, in order to gain this level of commitment for an organization, something must be done to insure the integrity of freelance journalists is at a high standard.

            Some people across the globe have post a little faith in traditional journalists and freelancers.  In some opinion polls, journalists have replaced lawyers and politicians as the least trusted of any profession.  (Cramer, 2010)  One way to repair the image of our integrity is to repairing the confidence with our audiences and readers.  By upholding the standards of providing information in truth and relying on creditable sources.  In order to ensure freelancers are upholding the standard, new organizations should inquire about the information before providing it to the general public.  In truth, bad reporting and poorly prepared can comprise the safety and the safety of those we are reporting on. 

Reference

Bender, B. (2014, August 28). Heavy reliance on freelancers for foreign coverage poses challenges for US media -- and greater dangers - The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2014/08/27/heavy-reliance-freelancers-for-foreign-coverage-poses-challenges-for-media-and-greater-dangers/eMqwRsnBvwsPYFauWZnbgP/story.html

Cramer, C. (2010). 1. What price freedom? Global reporting trends and journalistic integrity. Pacific Journalism Review, 16(1), 10-20.

What Is the Future of News Services?

If news agencies disappeared tomorrow the free flow of information around the globe would have to rely on the communication from citizen journalism.  With citizen journalism, individuals would be able to provide some information.  According to David Schlesinger, “bloggers and user-generated content can partner the traditional news services.  They can also compete” (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 35).  As technology and daily use of the Internet continue to grow, citizen journalist and bloggers are able to provide information with a different approach than traditional news agencies.  Often reaching and providing eyewitness reports that traditional journalists would not have been able to discover.  David Schlesinger states, “The freely available blogged comment may well be more penetrating and useful than the factual news accounts” (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 35). 

            Many individuals criticize the reports and information gathered by citizen journalists and bloggers.  Questioning whether the information is creditable and reliable for the public.  Yet, Schlesinger states, “Citizen Journalists-who are both a part of the professionals’ audience and apart from it-have power too, however.  They too have distribution, and with the democracy of the internet can quickly build a readership and create a movement.  And they have the advantage of ubiquity-chances are someone with access to the internet will be on the scene when and where news happen even if a professional journalist is not”  (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 34).

            The future for news agencies will depend on how they are able to adapt with the new advancements in technology and how to use that technology to provide information to the public.  Nigel Baker stated, “Technology allowed news agencies to exist.  Now technology has the potential to destroy them” (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 38).  As every day individuals adapt to the advancements in technology and capturing live events on their phones or mobile devices, it is no longer the professional photojournalists who will provide the images for the public.  Every day individuals now have the ability to provide those images.  Without adapting to the new technology, journalists will struggle in the future. 

The role of a journalist and the guidelines we stand for will not disappear from public.  So long as facts, economics, global standards, reporting the world continue to be important, then news agencies and services will continue to exist (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 35-36).  It may be the same as the past, but I believe it will continue to grow and adapt as technology continues to provide new aids to the general public, but also journalists as well.

Reference

Owen, J. & Purdey, H. (Eds.). (2009). International news reporting: Frontlines and deadlines. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Too Dangerous to Cover?

With many correspondents risking their lives to get information and events out to the public safety does not matter depending on the location.  “Website updates and annual reports from the Committee to Protect Journalists show that the number of journalists who have been harassed, intimidated, threatened or deliberately killed has escalated in the last two decades” (Committee to Protect Journalists, n.d).  The world can appear unsafe from any location, no matter if the correspondent is local or foreign.  It is the desire to let the world know what is going on and becoming aware of those events in order to get voices of those who cannot speak out against wrong doings to reach the world.  In truth, what is the price some correspondents are willing to pay in order to provide the globe with information?  Although many people believe there are extreme risks and concerns with using a foreign reporter to cover wars and unhuman acts.  “One of the greatest threats to freedom of expression around the world is the violence committed against journalists practicing their profession in conflict situations” (Lisosky & Henrichsen, 2009). 

            Yet the arguments for and against using foreign correspondents falls down on the government’s approval to allow them into the country, once again this denies the freedom of speech any journalists stand behind.  In some ways, foreign correspondents are the voice for when local journalists are unable to speak out against an injustice. Another argument is who is assigned to cover the news in foreign locations, with high violence or risk.  According to Janine di Giovanii, war can attract certain types of individuals.  “Those who want to witness, describe and communicate the important and often tragic facts: a noble motive, because the world should know these things, and among of us a noble posture (we are bearing witness).  There are also those who just love it…” (Owen & Purdey, 2009, p. 12)  In truth, I believe it takes a combination of both these types to provide the voice of those who are not able to speak out.  

Reference

Committee to Protect Journalists. (n.d). Journalists killed since 1992 - Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved from http://cpj.org/killed/

Lisosky, J. M., & Henrichsen, J. (2009). Don't shoot the messenger: prospects for protecting journalists in conflict situations. Media, War & Conflict, 2(2), 129. doi:10.1177/1750635209104651

Owen, J. & Purdey, H. (Eds.). (2009). International news reporting: Frontlines and deadlines. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.